Irrigation
in India
What is Irrigation?:
· Irrigation refers to the supplying water to the dry land as a supplementation of rain water.
· It is mainly aimed for cultivation.
· There are various types of systems of irrigation practices in India
Why irrigation needed for India
· There is a great necessity of irrigation in Indian Agriculture.
· India
· These conditions range from extreme heat to extreme cold and from extreme dryness to excessive rainfall.
· Due to some reasons irrigation is needed in Indian agriculture
Ø Uncertainty of monsoon rainfall both in time and place
Ø Irregularity in distribution of rainfall throughout the year
Ø Excessive rainfall causing flood
Ø Drought is an annual event in some areas
Ø India is a land of Summer
Ø Some soils need more water
Ø Introduction of HYV (High Yielding Varieties) seeds and multiple cropping need water throughout the year.
Irrigation Types in India
· Only 48.3% of land is irrigated throughout the country
· Irrigation in India
(i) Well Irrigation
(ii) Tank Irrigation
(iii) Canal Irrigation
(i) Well Irrigation
· Areas: Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh
· There are various types of wells (Shallow Wells, Deep Wells, Tube Wells, Artesian Wells)
· Shallow Wells: From the shallow wells water is not always available as the level of water goes down during the dry months.
· Deep Wells: more suitable fro the purpose of irrigation as water from them is available throughout the year
· Tube Wells: a deep tube well worked by electricity, can irrigate a much larger area (about 4000 hectares) than a surface well
(ii) Tank Irrigation
· Areas: Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Telangana
· Mainly in Southern India
· Reservoirs are made by constructing dames
· Tanks are constructed for storing water
· From all these tanks, water is carried to the field the rough canals
· [The same type can be seen especially in most of the temples in Tamil Nadu. Chola architecture had a great knowledge in this type. They built the tanks in the temple. That time it was meant for rain water harvesting scheme (recently The Hindu carried an article regarding this) and also for irrigation purpose. Now most of the tanks are destroyed and living in a ‘civilised society’]
(iii) Canal Irrigation
· Areas: Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar
· 42% of total irrigated land in India
· In many places during the rainy season, there is flood in the rivers. The flood water is carried to the field through canals.
· They supply water only when there is flood in the rivers, and therefore, are of no use during the dry season when water is required most
à Perennial Canal
· In order to supply water throughout the year, reservoirs are constructed for storing water
· From these reservoirs, water can be supplied to the fields whenever there is demand for it
Irrigation project classifications:
· Irrigation projects in India
Major Irrigation Techniques:
(i) Drip Irrigation
· Also known as Trickle Irrigation or micro irrigation
· An irrigation method that saves water and fertilizer by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants, either onto the soil surface or directly onto the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters.
· It is done through narrow tubes that deliver water directly to the base of the plant.
· Modern drip irrigation began its development in Germany
· The usage of plastic to hold and distribute water in drip irrigation was later developed in Australia by Hannis Thill
(ii) Sprinkler Irrigation
· Also known as overhead irrigation
· Water is piped to one or more central locations within the field and distributed by overhead high-pressure sprinklers
(iii) Surface Irrigation
· Water moves over and across the land by simple gravity flow in order to wet it and to infiltrate into the soil
· Also called as flood irrigation
Irrigation – Factoids:
State
|
Percent of cultivated area under Irrigation
|
98.1
| |
Haryana
|
87.6
|
Uttar Pradesh
|
75.9
|
Andhra Pradesh (unified)
|
63.9
|
63.4
| |
Tamil Nadu
|
63.1
|
All
|
48.3
|
48.2
| |
44.7
| |
Madhya Pradesh
|
44.5
|
Uttarakhand
|
42.9
|
Odisha
|
33.6
|
Karnataka
|
28.5
|
Chhattisgarh
|
27.6
|
Rajasthan
|
26.4
|
16.8
| |
Jharkhand
|
5.4
|
4.9
|
Pradhan Mantri Krishi Seenchayi Yojana:
· Said by Prime Minister, Mr. Narendra Modi (Aug 19, 2014) in Haryana
· To meet the irrigation needs of all farmers across the country
· Rs. 1000 crore allocated for implementing this scheme
· This scheme was announced by Union Finance minister, Mr. Arun Jaitley in Lok Sabha in his maiden Budget Speech
PMKSY
to be implemented in three districts in Tamil Nadu
Ø Soon farmers in Dindigul, Krishnagiri and
Tirunelveli will benefit from the Prime Minister’s Krishi Sinchayee Yojana
(PMKSY).
Ø The Central government has chosen the
districts to implement this programme to take water to the last field in the
areas.
Ø Already, the Departments of
Agriculture, Public Works Department and Rural Development are working to
prepare a District Irrigation Programme (DIP).
Ø The DIP is likely to be ready by
mid-October after which the State government will submit proposals to the
Centre.
Ø Of the three districts, only
Tirunelveli has paddy cultivating regions. Farmers are into pulses, maize and
black gram.
Ø Many farmers in Krishnagiri district
produce vegetables or were into floriculture.
Ø Similarly, farmers in Dindigul
produced vegetables and have taken up protected agriculture.
Ø Under the PMSKY, existing schemes of
water management have been brought under one head to efficiently use water.
Ø Recently, under the command area
development programme, which has been brought under the umbrella of the PMSKY,
the State has submitted a proposal for Rs. 21 crore for lining of canals to
prevent evaporation and seepage losses and also taking water through pipelines
for these districts.
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Thank you for sharing this blog, you explained in a easy way about what is irrigation, why irrigation is the important in India, irrigation techniques, irrigation types etc.
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