Tribal Population in India
Tribal population of India Chandigarh , Delhi , Goa and Puducherry there exist very little tribal population. The rest of the states and union territories possess fairly good number of tribal population. Madhya Pradesh registers the largest number of tribes (73) followed by Arunachal Pradesh (62), Odisha (56), Maharashtra (52), Andhra Pradesh (43).
In India there is almost a continuous belt of high tribal concentration starting from the Western coast – from Thane district in Maharashtra passing through Surat and Dang districts in Gujarat to Mayurbhanj in Orissa on the Eastern coast and Bihar.
Another long range of tribal belt is found in the North-East spreading over Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizo Hills, United Mikir and North Cachar Hills of Assam
These belts are also linked up by a chain of pockets of tribal concentration at Taluk or sub-divisional levels.
Tribal concentrations are also found in Bastar district of Madhya Pradesh, Korapur, Bauch- Khandenals, and Agency tracts of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh which are linked up with the Central belt by a chain of small pockets of tribal concentration.
Tribal population in divided into two major types – based on ethnicity and based on location.
Classification of Tribals
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Negritos
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* They are believed to be the earliest inhabitants of the Indian peninsula who were unable to defend themselves and were gradually forced to recede before the invading hordes of Indo-Aryans, Mongoloids, etc. coming from the North-West and North-East.
* These tribes were not only superior to them in numerical strength but also in mechanical equipment.
* These tribals took shelter in the mountains and thick forests where a considerable number of them are still found and have been estimated to be about ten million.
* They were left behind in the plains gradually disappeared either by absorption or by acculturation.
* Some tracts of them are still found among the tribals of the Andaman and
* Also in Kerala among the Kadars, the Irulars and the Paniyans.
* Have dark skin, curly hair, broad nose and medium height.
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Mongoloid
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* They are represented by the tribal people of sub- Himalayan region.
* They may be divided into two categories
** Palaeo Mongoloids (
** Tibeto-Mongoloids (
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* They form bulk of the tribal population and are generally known as the Dravidians.
* Dravidian is, however, the name of the language group spoken by these people and has no ethnic significance.
* The tribes believed to be belonging to the Dravidian race are found in the Chhotanagpur Plateau, Rajmahal Hills region, Aravalli ranges,
* Dravidian language still survives not only in Southern India where Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada are its leading representatives, but also in Central India where its traces are found in the dialects spoken by the Oraons, Gonds, Mundas, Malers, Khonds and other tribes.
The Dravidians are presumed to be of two stocks,
** Kolarians: (speak a dialect called Mundari; Examples: Mundas, Santhals, Oraons and other tribes inhabiting Chhotanagpur Plateau region)
** Dravidian Proper: (Speak dialects of Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada; Gonds, Kondhs, and other tribes found in
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Based on Location
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Zone I: Northern and North-Eastern
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* In the mountain valleys and other areas of North-East, Indian tribes largely belong to Mongolian social stock.
* The tribal people are distributed all over the sub-Himalayan region and the mountain valleys in the North-East from Shimla in the West to the Lushai hills and the Mishmi track in the East which merge imperceptibly with those of Burma in the South-East.
* It covers Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, Manipur and Mizoram, Eastern Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Tarai areas of Uttar Pradesh and the mountainous West Bengal.
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Zone II: Central
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* In the Chhotanagpur Plateau, along the dividing line between peninsular India and Indo-Gangetic basin, live many tribal communities like the Bhumij, Gond, Ho, Oraon, Munda, Santhal, Bhil, etc.
* They belong to Proto-Australoid group.
* This group occupies the mountain belt between Narbada and the Godavari – the central barrier that divides the north from the Peninsular
* It includes West Bengal, Southern Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and
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Zone III: South-Western
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*In the hills and converging line of the Western Ghats live the Chenchus, Irulas, Kadars, Ketas, Kurumbas, Jedas, etc. having Negrito, Caucasoid, and proto-Australoid features.
* This group is chiefly concentrated in the southern-most parts of the Western Ghats stretching from Vindhyas to
* From the fact that they occupy the marginal areas and also from the records in the oldest Tamil literature of the Sangam period, they appear to be one of the most ancient and primitive inhabitants of present day India.
* Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu fall within this zone.
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Zone IV: Scattered Tribes of Andaman and Nicobar
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* There are various scattered tribal groups like the Andamanese and such other tribes of Andaman and
* The aborigines of the Andaman Islands may be described as a race by themselves, and can be divided into two groups, i.e.,
** Negrito (Andamanese, the Onges and the Sentinelese)
** Mongoloid (Shorn Pens and the Nicobarese/Holchu)
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Tribal Population in India
#
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State
|
ST Population
(in absolute numbers)
|
1
|
Madhya Pradesh
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14276874
|
2
|
9006077
| |
3
|
Odisha
|
8994967
|
4
|
Rajasthan
|
8693123
|
5
|
8021848
| |
6
|
Jharkhand
|
7868150
|
7
|
Chhattisgarh
|
7231082
|
8
|
Andhra Pradesh
|
5232129
|
9
|
4855115
| |
10
|
3665405
| |
11
|
Karnataka
|
3429791
|
12
|
Meghalaya
|
2136891
|
13
|
Jammu & Kashmir
|
1406833
|
14
|
Nagaland
|
1306838
|
15
|
1270851
| |
16
|
Tripura
|
1117566
|
17
|
Uttar Pradesh
|
1031076
|
18
|
Manipur
|
791126
|
19
|
Tamil Nadu
|
660280
|
20
|
Mizoram
|
507467
|
21
|
Kerala
|
433092
|
22
|
Himachal Pradesh
|
374392
|
23
|
Uttarakhand
|
264819
|
24
|
167146
| |
25
|
Dadra & Nagra Haveli
|
150944
|
26
|
87639
| |
27
|
Arunachal Pradesh
|
78946
|
28
|
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
|
26715
|
29
|
13463
| |
30
|
Daman & Diu
|
7617
|
31
|
0
| |
32
|
0
| |
33
|
Haryana
|
0
|
34
|
Puducherry
|
0
|
35
|
0
|
#
|
State / UT
|
% of ST population
|
1
|
94.8
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2
|
Mizoram
|
94.4
|
3
|
Nagaland
|
86.5
|
4
|
Meghalaya
|
86.1
|
5
|
Arunachal Pradesh
|
68.8
|
6
|
Dadra & Nagra Haveli
|
52
|
7
|
Manipur
|
35.1
|
8
|
33.8
| |
9
|
Tripura
|
31.8
|
10
|
Chhattisgarh
|
30.6
|
11
|
Jharkhand
|
26.2
|
12
|
Odisha
|
22.8
|
13
|
Madhya Pradesh
|
21.1
|
14
|
14.8
| |
15
|
Rajasthan
|
13.5
|
16
|
12.4
| |
17
|
Jammu & Kashmir
|
11.9
|
18
|
10.2
| |
19
|
9.4
| |
All
|
8.6
| |
20
|
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
|
7.5
|
21
|
Karnataka
|
7
|
22
|
Andhra Pradesh
|
7
|
23
|
Daman & Diu
|
6.3
|
24
|
5.8
| |
25
|
Himachal Pradesh
|
5.7
|
26
|
Uttarakhand
|
2.9
|
27
|
Kerala
|
1.5
|
28
|
1.3
| |
29
|
Tamil Nadu
|
1.1
|
30
|
Uttar Pradesh
|
0.6
|
31
|
0
| |
32
|
Puducherry
|
0
|
33
|
Haryana
|
0
|
34
|
0
| |
35
|
0
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Important Tribes and their Areas:
Andaman: Negrito Tribes
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Nicobar: Mongoloid Tribes
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1. Great Andamanese
2. Onge
3. Jarawa
4. Sentinalese
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1. Nicobarese
2. Shompens
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Andhra Pradesh
|
Odisha
|
1. Bodo Gadaba
2. Bondo Poroja
3. Chenchu
4. Dongria Khond
5. Gutob Gadaba
6. Khond Poroja
7. Kolam
8. Kondareddis
9. Konda Savaras
10. Kutia Khond
11. Parengi Poroja
12. Thoti
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1. Birhor
2. Bondo
3. Didayi
4. Dongria-Khond
5. Juangs
6. Kharias
7. Kutia Kondh
8. Lanjia Sauras
9. Lodhas
10. Mankidias
11. Paudi Bhuyans
12. Soura
13. Chuktia Bhunjia
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Madhya Pradesh +Chhattisgarh
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1. Abujh Marias
2. Baigas
3. Bharias
4. Hill Korbas
5. Kamars
6. Saharias
7. Birhor
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1. Asurs
2. Birhor
3. Birjia
4. Hill Kharia
5. Korwas
6. Mal Paharia
7. Parhaiyas
8. Sauria Paharia
9. Savar
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Kerala
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1. Kathodi
2. Kotwalia
3. Padhar
4. Siddi
5. Kolgha
|
1. Cholanaikayan
2. Kadar
3. Kattunayakan
4. Kurumbas
5. Koraga
|
Karnataka
|
Uttar Pradesh +Uttarakhand
|
1. Jenu Kuruba
2. Koraga
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1. Buxas
2. Rajis
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1. Katkaria (Kathodia)
2. Kolam
3. Maria Gond
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1. Birhor
2. Lodhas
3. Totos
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Tamil Nadu
|
Andaman Nicobar
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1. Kattu Nayakans
2. Kotas
3. Kurumbas
4. Irulas
5. Paniyans
6. Todas
|
1. Great Andamanese
2. Jarawas
3. Onges
4. Sentinelese
5. Shom Pens
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National Commission for Scheduled Tribes:
The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) was established by amending Article 338 and inserting a new Article 338A in the Constitution through the Constitution (89th Amendment) Act, 2003. By this amendment, the erstwhile National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was replaced by two separate Commissions namely- (i) the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC), and (ii) the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) w.e.f. 19 February, 2004.
Ø First Commission - 2004 - Kumwar Singh
Ø Second Commission - 2007 - Urmila Singh
Ø Third Commission - 2010 - Rameshwar Oraon
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