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Oct 28, 2014

[Geog-India] Forests in India

Forests in India





Synopsis
(01)   Forest
(02)  Forest Divisions in India
(03)  Forest Area in India
(04)  Geographical Distribution of Forests in India
(05)  Indian State of Forest Report, 2013
(06)  Indian States in Forest Report 2013
(07)   Major Forest Products
(08)   Minor Forest Products
(09)  Indirect Use of Forests
(10)   Forest institutions in India
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 (01)Forest




(02)Forest Divisions in India
·        Forests in India are classified into 16 types in 5 major divisions
·        5 major divisions:
(i) Moist Tropical Forests
(ii) Dry Tropical Forests
(iii) Montane Sub-tropical Forests
(iv) Montane Temperate Forests
(v) Alpine Forests

  
Moist Tropical Forests
Characteristics
Tropical Wet Evergreen
Tropical Semi-Evergreen
Tropical Moist Deciduous
Littoral and Swamp
Average Rainfall
> 250 cm
200 – 250 cm
100 – 200 cm
75 – 100 cm
Annual Temperature
25° – 27°C
24° – 27°C
27°C
26° – 27°C
Annual Humidity
>77%
75%
60% - 75 %
75%
Major Area
* Western Sides of Western Ghats
* Arunachal Pradesh
* Upper Assam
* Nagaland
* Manipur
* Mizoram
* Tripura
* Western Coast
* Assam
* Odisha
* Lower Slopes of Eastern Himalayas
* Andamans
* Western Ghats
* Telangana
* Andhra Pradesh
* Chotta Nagpur Plateau
* Manipur
* Mizoram
* Odisha
* Deltas of  Ganga, Mahanadi, Cauvery, Krishna and Godavari
Major Products
* Bamboo
* White Cedar
* Mesua
* Jamun
* Calophyllum
* Mango
* Rosewood
* Semul
* Thorny Bamboo
* Haldu
* Teak
* Sal
* Rosewood
* Jamun
* Badam
* Sundri
* Amur
* Agar
* Bhendi
* Nipa
* Palms

  
Montane Temperate Forests
Characteristics
Montane Wet Temperate
Himalayan Moist Temperate
Himalayan Dry Temperate
Average Rainfall
150 – 300 cm
150 – 250 cm
< 100 cm
Annual Temperature
11° – 14° C
Around 15°
Around 10° C
Annual Humidity
> 80%
> 80%
> 80%
Major Area
* Tamil Nadu
* Kerala
* West Bengal
* Assam
* Arunachal Pradesh
* Sikkim
* Nagaland
* Kashmir
* Himachal Pradesh
* Sikkim
* Uttarakhand
* Kashmir
* Sikkim

Major Products
* Deodar
* Plum
* Blue pine
* Pines
* Cedars
* Spruce
* Silver Firs
* Deodar
* Oak
* Ash
* Maple

Alpine Forests
Characteristics
Sub – Alpine
Moist Alpine scrub
Dry Alpine scrub
Average Rainfall
100 – 200 cm
Annual Temperature
Around 10° C - 15°
Annual Humidity
70 - 80%
Major Area
* Kashmir
* Himachal Pradesh
* Uttarakhand
* Arunachal Pradesh
Major Products
* Fir
* Kail
* Spruce
* Plum
* Yew
  
(03) IndiaForest Area

#
Forest group
Area in million hectares
% of total area
01
Tropical Moist Deciduous
23.680
37.0
02
Tropical Dry Deciduous
18.304
28.6
03
Tropical Wet Evergreen
5.120
8.0
04
Sub-tropical Moist Hill (Pine)
4.224
6.6
05
Tropical Semi-Evergreen
2.624
4.1
06
Montane Wet Temperate
2.304
3.6
07
Himalayan Moist Temperate
2.176
3.4
08
Tropical Thorn
1.664
2.6
09
Sub-tropical Dry Evergreen
1.600
2.5
10
Alpine (all divisions)
1.344
2.1
11
Littoral and Swamp
0.384
0.6
12
Sub-tropical Broad-leaved
0.256
0.4
13
Himalayan Dry Temperate
0.192
0.3
14
Tropical Dry Evergreen
0.128
0.2

Total
64.000
100.0

 (04) Geographical Distribution of Forests in India
  
#
Geographical Region
% of total area
01
Peninsular Plateaus & Hills
57.00
02
Himalayan Region
18.00
03
Western Ghats and Western Coastal Plain
10.00
04
Eastern Ghats and Eastern Coastal Plain
10.00
05
Great Plain of India
05.00

Total
100.00


(05) India State of Forest Report, 2013

·        India had lost 367 square kilometres of its forest cover
·        Andhra Pradesh recording the maximum loss
  


 ·        As per the National Forest Policy 1988, state needs to have 33% forest cover
·        The present assessment shows that 15 states/UTs have above 33 percent of the geographical area under forest cover (Out of these states and UTs, eight states have more than 75 percent forest cover while seven states have forest cover between 33 percent and 75 percent)
·        By area wise, the states with the maximum forest cover are:-
Ø     Madhya Pradesh (77, 522 sq km)
Ø     Arunachal Pradesh (67, 321 sq km)
Ø     Chhattisgarh (55, 621 sq km)
Ø     Maharashtra  (50, 632 sq km)
Ø     Odisha (50, 347 sq km)
·        States / UTs with forest are of 33% and more than that:
Ø     Mizoram (90.38%)
Ø     Lakshadweep (84.56%)
Ø     Andaman &Nicobar Islands (81.36%)
Ø     Arunachal Pradesh (80.39%)
Ø     Nagaland (78.68%)
Ø     Meghalaya (77.08%)
Ø     Manipur (76.10%)
Ø     Tripura (75.01%)
Ø     Goa (59.94%)
Ø     Sikkim (47.32%)
Ø     Kerala (47.32%)
Ø     Uttarakhand (45.82%)
Ø     Dadra & Nagra Haveli (43.48%)
Ø     Chhattisgarh (41.14%)
Ø     Assam (35.28%)

(06) Indian States and Forest – Report 2013

#
State/UT
% of forest
1
Mizoram
90.38
2
Lakshadweep
84.56
3
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
81.36
4
Arunachal Pradesh
80.39
5
Nagaland
78.68
6
Meghalaya
77.08
7
Manipur
76.10
8
Tripura
75.01
9
Goa
59.94
10
Sikkim
47.32
11
Kerala
46.12
12
Uttarakhand
45.82
13
Dadra & Nagra Haveli
43.38
14
Chhattisgarh
41.14
15
Assam
35.38
16
Odisha
32.33
17
Jharkhand
29.45
18
Himachal Pradesh
26.37
19
Madhya Pradesh
25.15
India’s Average Forest Cover
21.23
20
West Bengal
18.93
21
Karnataka
18.84
22
Tamil Nadu
18.33
23
Andhra Pradesh
16.77
24
Maharashtra
16.45
25
Chandigarh
15.14
26
Delhi
12.12
27
Puducherry
10.43
28
Jammu & Kashmir
10.14
29
Daman & Diu
8.28
30
Bihar
7.74
31
Gujarat
7.48
32
Uttar Pradesh
5.96
33
Rajasthan
4.7
34
Haryana
3.59
35
Punjab
3.53


(07) Major Forest Products
·        Indian forest produces about 5000 species of wood, of which 450 are commercially valuable
·        Hardwoods and Softwoods are obtained from Indian forests

Hardwoods
Softwoods
Includes Teak, Mahogany, Logwood, Ironwood, Ebony, Sal, Kikar etc
Includes Deodar, Pine, Fir, Cedar, Balsan etc
Used for furniture, wagons, tools
Used for constructional timber, mainly paper pulp
70% of hardwood is burnt as fuel and 30% of hardwood is used in industries
70% of softwood is used in industries and 30% of softwood is burnt as fuel

Timberwood
1) Jammu and Kashmir
2) Punjab
3) Madhya Pradesh
Fuelwood
1) Karnataka
2) West Bengal
3) Maharashtra

 (08) Minor Forest Products
·        Grasses, Bamboos and Canes
·        Tans and Dyes
·        Oils
·        Gums and Resins
·        Fibers and Flosses
·        Leaves
·        Drugs, Spices and Poisons
·        Edible Products
·        Animal Products
Ø     Bamboo is called as Poor Man’s Timber, as it provides cheap material for roofing, walling, flooring, matting, basketry, and a host of other things

 (09) Indirect Use of Forests
·        Prevention and Control of soil erosion
·        Flood control
·        Checks on spread of deserts
·        Increase of soil fertility
·        Effect on climate

(10) Institutions connecting with Forests in India
·        Indian Council of Forest Research and Education – Dehra Dun
·        Forest research Institute – Dehra Dun
·        Institute of Arid Zone Forestry Research – Jodhpur
·        Institute of Rain and Moist Deciduous Forests – Jorhat
·        Institute of Wood Science and Technology – Bangalore
·        Tropical Forestry Research Institute – Jabalpur
·        Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding – Coimbatore
·        Temperate Forest Research Centre – Shimla
·        Centre for Forest Productivity – Ranchi
·        Centre for Social Forestry and Environment – Allahabad





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