Nuclear Energy in India
(01) Introduction:
· Nuclear power is the fourth-largest source of electricity in India
· As of 2013, India has 21 nuclear reactors in operation in 7 nuclear power plants, having an installed capacity of 5308 MW
· Seven other reactors are under construction and are expected to generate an additional 6,100 MW.
(02) Nuclear energy in India
· India 's first research nuclear reactor and its first nuclear power plant were built with assistance from Canada
· The 40 MW research reactor agreement was signed in 1956, and CIRUS achieved first criticality in 1960.
· This reactor was supplied to India
(03) Nuclear fuel reserves:
· India
· Hence, the country is dependent on uranium imports to fuel its nuclear power industry
· Since early 1990s, Russia has been a major supplier of nuclear fuel to India
· Due to dwindling domestic uranium reserves, electricity generation from nuclear power in India
· Following a waiver from the Nuclear Suppliers Group in September 2008 which allowed it to commence international nuclear trade, India has signed bilateral deals on civilian nuclear energy technology cooperation with several other countries (as of now, India signed this deal with 10 countries)
· Large deposits of natural uranium, which promises to be one of the top 20 of the world's reserves, have been found in the Tummalapalle belt in the southern part of the Kadapa basin in Andhra Pradesh in March 2011.
· The Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD) of India
(04) Nuclear power growth:
· Former Indian President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, stated while he was in office, that "energy independence is India India
· India
· By 2020, India's installed nuclear power generation capacity will increase to 20,000 MW
· As of 2009, India
(05) Milestone of Kudankulam:
· On 7 June 2014, Kudankulam-1 became the single largest power generating unit in India
Technology
|
Voda Voda Energo Reactor (VVER)= water cooled, water moderated energy reactor
|
Supplier
|
·
· Atomstroyexport is a subsidiary of Russian PSU Rosatom.
|
Type
|
light water reactor (other reactor uses heavy water reactor)
|
Sub-Type
|
Pressurized water reactor
|
software
|
VISWAM
|
Fuel
|
Uranium
|
Beneficiaries
|
1. Tamil Nadu
2. Karnataka
3. Kerala
4. Puducherry
NPCIL will sell electricity to them at Rs.3.50 per unit. All the unallocated electricity belongs to Union government.
|
Kudankulam – timeline:
2002
|
Kudankulam construction begins
|
2011
|
People’s Movement Against Energy (PMANE) begins protest against the project
|
2013
|
Attained critical capacity. This is
|
May 2014
|
Protest completes 1000 days
SC rejects their plea to appoint safety committee for Kudankulam
|
June 2014
|
Tamil Nadu becomes the first state in
Kudankulam becomes first nuclear power plant to attain 1000 MW capacity
|
(06) Milestone of Rawatbhatta Atomic Power Station:
RAPS
|
Rawatbhatta Atomic Power Station (Rajasthan)
|
Record
|
Continuous Operation for 765 days. Proves that
|
Technology
|
Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor (Indigenous) by NAPCIL.
|
Fuel
|
Natural Uranium
|
Cooling
|
Heavy Water
|
Moderator
|
Heavy Water
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Supplies Power to
|
Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh,
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Number of reactors
|
· 6 constructed
· 2 reactors under construction
· Largest number of reactors in a single site.
|
(07) States with highest nuclear energy:
Ø Tamil Nadu (1440 MW)
Ø Maharashtra (1400 MW)
Ø Rajasthan (1180 MW)
Ø Gujarat , Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh (each with 880 MW)
(08) Anti – nuclear protests:
· At Kudankulam (Tamil Nadu)
· At Jaitapur (Maharashtra )
(09) Nuclear power reactors in India
Power Station
|
Operator
|
Year
|
Location
|
Reactors, Units (in MW)
|
Installed capacity (in MW)
|
Under Construction (in MW)
| |
Tarapur
|
NPCIL
|
1969
|
Tarapur (Thane Dt),
|
2
|
160
|
320
| |
2
|
540
|
1080
| |||||
Rajasthan
|
NPCIL
|
1973
|
Rawatbhata (Chittogarh Dt), Rajasthan
|
1
|
100
|
100
| |
1
|
200
|
200
| |||||
4
|
220
|
880
| |||||
2*
|
700
|
1400
| |||||
Kakrapar
|
NPCIL
|
1993
|
Kakrapar (
|
2
|
220
|
440
| |
2*
|
700
|
1400
| |||||
Kudankulam
|
NPCIL
|
2013
|
Kudankulam (Tirunelveli Dt), Tamil Nadu
|
1
|
1000
|
1000
| |
1*
|
1000
|
1000
| |||||
Kaiga
|
NPCIL
|
2000
|
Kaiga (Uttar Kannada Dt), Karnataka
|
4
|
220
|
880
| |
Madras
|
NPCIL
|
1984
|
Kalkapakkam (Kancheepuram Dt), Tamil Nadu
|
2
|
220
|
440
| |
1*
|
500
|
500
| |||||
Naorara
|
NPCIL
|
1991
|
Naorara (Bulandshahr Dt), Uttar Pradesh
|
2
|
220
|
440
| |
21
|
5780
|
4300
| |||||
Substantial work has
been carried out in the areas of research on technologies for utilisation of
Thorium in nuclear fuel cycle, and on the development of an Advanced Heavy
Water Reactor (AHWR), to serve as a technology demonstrator for use of thorium
based fuel on a large scale.
The details are given
below: (Projects initiated in the last five years)
Project
|
Location
|
Capacity (in MW)
|
Completion Cost (in
Rs. Crore)
|
Kakrapar Atomic Power Project Units 3&4
(KAPP 3&4)
|
Kakrapar,
|
2 * 700
|
11459
|
Rajasthan Atomic Power Project Units
7&8
(RAPP 7&8)
|
Rawatbhata, Rajasthan
|
2 * 700
|
12320
|
(10) Future Projects:
The details of Nuclear Power Projects planned
for start of work in the XII Five Year Plan are given below:
Project
|
Location
|
Capacity (in MW)
|
Indigenous Reactors
|
||
Gorakhpyr
Haryana Anu Vidyut Pariyojana (GHAVP 1&2)
|
2 * 700
|
|
Chutka Madhya Pradesh Atomic Power Project
(CMPAPP1&2)
|
Chutka, Madhya Pradesh
|
2 * 700
|
Mahi Banswara 1 & 2
|
Mahi Banswara, Rajasthan
|
2 * 700
|
Kaiga 5 * 6
|
Kaiga, Karnataka
|
2 * 700
|
Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR 1 & 2)
|
Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu
|
2 * 500
|
Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR)
|
Location to be decided
|
300
|
Reactors with
Foreign Cooperation
|
||
Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project (KKNPP 3
& 4)
|
Kudankulam, Tamil Nadu
|
2 * 1000
|
Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project (JNPP 1
& 2)
|
Jaitapur,
|
2 *1 650
|
Kovvada 1 & 2
|
Kovvada, Andhra Pradesh
|
2 * 1500
|
Chhaya Mithi Virdi 1 & 2
|
Chhaya MithiMirdi,
|
2 * 110
|
The
approved cost of Gorakhpur Haryana Anu Vidyut Pariyojana (GHAVP) 1&2 is
Rs. 20594 crore and that of KKNPP 3&4 is Rs. 39849 crore.
The cost of the other planned projects
under XII Five Year Plan is yet to be finalised.
|
||
(11) India's nuclear power and its three stages :
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