[History] Pandya Dynasty

PANDYA DYNASTY

Founder: Kadunkon

Capital: Madurai

Symbol: Fish

Port: Korkai; Flower: Neem

Area: Madurai, Tirunelveli, Ramanathapuram

Ø  Pandyas ruled for 550 – 950 AD and 1190 – 1310 AD

Ø  Main areas ruled: Districts of Madurai, Ramanathapuram, Tirunelveli

Ø  Pandyas rule divided into three parts (Early Pandyas, I Pandya Empire, II Pandya Empire)

Kings	Achievements
Jatavarman Kulasekara-I	Created Rajagambira Chaturvedi mangalam, consisting of 1030 Brahmadeyas
Maravarman Sundarapandya-I	Son of Jatavarman Kulasekara-I
	Defeated Kulothunga Chola – III
	Coins during his periods depicted “Cholanadu Kondan” (சோனாடு கொண்டான்)
Jatavarman Kulasekara- II
Maravarman Sundarapandya-II	Defeated the Chola King Rajendra III
Jatavarman Sundarapandya-I	Conquered Elam, Kong and Chola
	Pandya Kingdom became Pandya Empire
	Complete disappearance of Cholas
	Defeat of Cheras
	Provided the roof of Nataraja temple @ Chidambaram and Srirangam with gold tiles
Maravarman Kulasekaran-I	Visit of Morcopolo
	Captured Kollam from Cheras
	Built the outer wall of Nellaiyappar temple @ Tirunelveli

 Kings and other names:-

Kings	Also called as…
Jatavarman Kulasekara-I	ராஜகம்பீரா
Maravarman Sundarapandya-I	கலியுகராமன்
	அதிசிய பாண்டிய தேவர்
	சோனாடு கொண்டருளிய சுந்தரப் பாண்டியன்
Jatavarman Sundarapandya-I	திரிபுவன் சக்ரவர்த்தி
	பொன்வேய்ந்த பெருமாள்
	எம்மண்டலமும் கொண்டருளிய பாண்டியன்
	மகா ராஜாதிராஜா
	ஸ்ரீபரமேஸ்வரன்
Maravarman Kulasekaran-I	கொல்லம் கொண்ட பாண்டியன்

Plates and Inscriptions:-

Velvikkudi Plates / வேள்விக்குடி	Speaks about the war victories & administration of the Pandyas
Seevaramangalam Plates /  சீவரமங்கலம்
Thalavaipuram Plates / தளவாய்புரம்
Chinnamanur Plates /சின்னமனூர்
Sivakasi Plates /
Srivilliputhur Plates /
Pudukottai Plates /	Kulasekara Pandya’s policies towards land survey and taxation
Thiruvandhipuram Plates / திருவந்திபுரம்	Warfare of Maravarman Sundara Pandya
Tirunelveli Plates /	Names and titles of the Pandya King’s Maravaraman Kulasekaran I’s victory over Cheras and Cholas

Administration of Pandyas:-

Ø  Meenakshi temple @ Madurai; Aranganathar temple @ Srirangam built

Ø  Malik Kafur invaded

Ø  Pandya became part of Muslim empire

Ø  Large number of cave temples built

Ø  Gopuras, Prakaras, Vimanas, Garbagrahas are the special features of the Pandya temple architecture

Ø  Ministers assisted the Kings are called as Arayar (அரையர்கள்)

Ø  Agriculturists are called as Bhoomi Puthirargal (பூமி புத்திரர்கள்)

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[History] About Chola Dynasty

CHOLA DYNASTY

Founder: Vijayalaya

Capital: Thanjavur

Symbol: Tiger

Port: Poompuhar; Flower: Fig

Area: Thanjavur, Trichy

As Cholas extended their boundaries in Sri Lanka and Malaysia, they are called as “Imperial Cholas”. Vijayalaya’s son Aditya put an end to the Pallava Kingdom by defeating Aparajita.

Kings	Achievements
Parantaka-I	Suffered a defeat at the hands of Rashtrakutas in the famous Battle of Takkolam
	Provided  Vimana  of  the  famous  Nataraja  temple at Chidambaram
	Uthiramerur inscriptions
	Captured Madurai
Rajaraja-I	Son of Parantaka-II
	Defeat of Chera ruler Bhaskararavivarman in the naval battle of Kandalursalai (கண்டலூர்சாலை )
	Defeat of Pandya ruler Amarabhujanga (அமரபுஜங்கா)
	Invasion  of  Sri  Lanka;  Captured  Northern  part  of  Sri Lanka; Shifted capital from Anuradhapura to Polanaurva (Shiva temple built at Polanaurva later)
	Extended up to tributaries of Tungabadhra
	Annexed Western Chalukyas, Raichur Doab
	Defeated Telugu Cholas
	Captured Maldives
	Completed the construction of Brihadeswara Temple
	Helped  in  construction  of  Buddhist  Monastery  at Nagapattinam
	Thiruvalangadu plates

  

Rajendra – I	Mahinda V, the King of Sri Lanka attempted to recover from Cholas; Rajendra-I defeated him
	Whole part of Sri Lanka came under Cholas
	Defeated Mahipala I of Bengal
	Crossed Tungabadhra and captured Northern India
	To commemorate this success, he founded the city of Gangaikondacholapuram
	Irrigation tank called Cholagangam built at Gangaikondacholapuram
	Shifted capital from Thanjavur to Gangaikondacholapuram
	Thiruvalangadu plates; Karandhai plates
Kulottunga – I	Sri Lanka became independent
	Abolished tolls
	Vengi and Mysore region were captured by Western Chalukyas and sent an embassy to China
Kulottunga – II	Central authority became weak
	Emergence of Pandyas
Rajendra – III	Last Chola Ruler
	Got defeated by Jatavarman Sundarapandiyan II

Kings and other names:-

Kings	Also called as
Parantaka – I	மதுரை கொண்டான்
	மதுரையும் ஈழமும் கொண்டான்
	பொன் வெய்ந்த சோழன்
Rajaraja – I	மும்முடி சோழன்
	ஜெயங்கொண்டான்
	சிவபாத சேகரன்
	அருண்மொழி
	ராஜகேசரி
Rajendra – I	முடிகொண்டான்
	கங்கை கொண்டான்
	கடாரம் கொண்டான்
	பண்டித சோழன்
	உத்தம சோழன்
Kulottunga – I	சுங்கம் தவிர்த்த சோழன்

Administration of Cholas:-

Ø  Land revenue department well organised. It was called as “puravurvarithinaikkalam” (புரவுவரித்திணைக்களம்)

Ø  Royal troops called s “kaikkolaperumpadai” (கைக்கோளப் பெரும்படை)

Ø  Training of Army and military cantonments called as “kadagams” (கடகங்கள்)

Ø  Bay of Bengal is just a lake for Cholas

Ø  Much naval expeditions

Ø  Caste system was widely prevalent during Cholas

Ø  Position of women did not improve

Ø  Practice of Sati prevalent among the royal families

Ø  Devadasi system prevailed

Ø  Large number of temples built; Agriculture and Industry flourished

Ø  Silk-weaving at Kanchipuram flourished

Ø  Gold, Silver and Copper coins were issued in plenty at various denominations

Ø  Arabian horses imported; Education was given importance

Ø  Apart from Vedas and Epics, subjects like Mathematics and Medicine were taught

Ø  Development of Tamil literature reached its peak (சீவக சிந்தாமணி, குண்டலகேசி, ராமாயணம், பெரியபுராணம், கலிங்கத்துப்பரணி, மூவருலா, நளவெண்பா, கல்லாடம், யாப்பெருங்கலம், நன்னூல், வீரசோழியம்)

Ø  Chief feature of Chola temple is “Vimana”; Bronzes of chola period are world famous

Ø  Empire was divided into,

Mandalams (09) {Royal Princess / Officers} à Valanadu (Periyanattar) à Nadu (Nattar) à Urs

Chola Kings in chronological order:-

ä  Parantakaa-I (பிராந்தகா - I)

ä  Kandaraditya (கண்தர் ஆதித்யா)

ä  Arinjaya (அரின்ஜயா)   

ä  Sundara Chola or Parantaka – II ( சுந்தர சோழா)

ä  Uttama Chola  (உத்தம சோழா)

ä  Rajaraja ( ராஜராஜா)     

ä  Rajendra-I (ராஜேந்திரா - I)

ä  Rajathiraja-I ( ராஜாதிராஜா-I)

ä  Rajendra-II (ராஜேந்திரா -II)

ä  Veerarajendra (வீரராஜேந்திரா)

ä  Adhirajendra (ஆதி ராஜேந்திரா)

ä  Kulottunga-I (குலோத்துங்க-I)

ä  Kulottunga-III (குலோத்துங்க -III)

ä  Rajendra-III (ராஜேந்திரா -III)

About Chola Architecture

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